这是我们Issue段落构造法的最后一篇推送。在过往的八篇推送里，我将一些常见的段落构建方法分享给大家，希望对大家的issue写作有帮助。需要注意的是，这些段落构造方法虽然比较普世，但是仍然有一些题目不太好从这些方面去想。对于特殊的题目，就需要大家特殊处理了。

　　1、段落构造方法之弊端分析法

　　凡事有利就有弊端。对于一些recommenation或者policy的题目，我们可以想想如果这些政策付诸实践了可能导致哪些不良后果（negative repercussions/consequences）。然后我们再加上对这些不良后果的推理，合理化这种弊端的存在，就可以成为一个“弊端”段了。注意，弊端段落可以多罗列弊端，而不是把一个弊端说得太过详细。增加论述的广度，不仅让我们可以写得更多，也可以让我们“看起来”对问题有深入的思考。当然，也可以一个弊端深入分析，推理+例子一个都不少，也没问题。

　　2、段落结构

　　我们首先定性，这样做很有弊端。然后罗列2-3个弊端。如果有这种弊端的实例，可以一句话简单描述例子，如果没有可以合理化这种弊端的可能性即可。

　　3、示范段落

　　接下来，我通过以下几个小题来给大家示范一下这种段落的写法。

　　01

　　Governments should not fund any scientific research whose consequences are unclear.

　　解题：如果政府明确说自己不支持结果不明确的研究，那会导致什么后果呢？不必然是科研经费花得更明白了，也很有可能是参与研究的学者会把研究结果吹得天花烂坠，让政府误以为研究结果清晰明确，从而“骗取”研究经费。还有另一部分学者，可能就不会研究那些艰难的课题，因为他们知道这些unclear的研究明显得不到资助，申请科研基金只是单纯的浪费时间，这可能会给我们人类对未知世界的探索欲带来极大的威胁。

　　范文：If governments decree that they do not support research with unclear consequences, there might be negative repercussions. First, scientists’ imagination will be fettered: they may lose their curiosity towards science or concentrate only on fields that are likely to be successful. That may seem beneficial at first because it implies that all research will have good pay-offs, but in reality, important areas of research may not be developed. Consider the first attempts at face transplants, which involve significant new technology and techniques. If such research were banned because it is potentially extremely dangerous and might not work as expected, countless disfigured people could never dream of a better future. Scientists and patients should be allowed the opportunity to accept such risks so future generations can benefit from what has been learned, even if there are some failures along the way. Second, fund seekers may try every effort to cheat on grant applications, misrepresenting the risk and exaggerating the outcomes of their research, which may have even more severe consequences. For example, a researcher might try to hide dangers by not including extensive safety procedures and equipment that would alert others to possible problems. If that researcher continues the experiment without proper methodology, countless people could suffer from preventable injuries or exposure to harmful substances. Such possible problems could be reduced by accepting that all research may have unexpected outcomes, no matter how clear-cut it may seem.

　　02

　　In any profession — business, politics, education, government — those in power should step down after five years.

　　解题：如果你知道你五年后就下台，你还会正儿八经的工作嘛？普通的职员或许没问题，但是对于领导，尤其是那些需要长期规划和发展的公司、组织的领导来说，他们可能会只顾及眼前利益，而不敢、不愿、也没必要去长远规划。

　　范文：Several negative consequences are to be expected if leaders are aware that they must step down after a five-year term. First, leaders may pay scant attention to long-term investment in the development of an organization, as they may not be in power to enjoy the fruits of their decisions. To maximize their impact,  leaders may only concentrate on showy, short-term practices that turn out to be detrimental over a longer span of time. Second, leaders may shorten their effective working time period to only two to three years. At the beginning of the term, leaders could be passionate about bringing changes to the organization, using all their resources and strategies. However, in the fourth or fifth year, upon realizing that there is only limited time left to do anything meaningful, the leader may cease to bring that drive and dedication to the work, only keeping active at a superficial level. Finally, these negative cycles do not only affect the productivity of the leader. People working under the leader will not have the same dedication and drive to follow through if they know that policies will shortly be changing. They will partake of the same short-term gain mindset rather than consider the long-term goals of the organization.

　　03

　　Educational institutions should actively encourage their students to choose fields of study in which jobs are plentiful.

　　解题：都鼓励大家去赚钱的行业，那么这个行业就可能会出现供过于求的局面。到时候，恐怕是失业的人更多，即使在行业内工作的人，也端不到以前那么香的饭碗了。我们可以对这个问题进入深入的讨论。

　　范文：If all universities interfere with students’ choice of fields to study and succeed in motivating students to major in fields that guarantee promising jobs, there will be an imbalance of labor supply in the future. Actually, we have already experienced some side effects because of such a recommendation. Consider the financial industry in China. That industry was thriving, so colleges recommended financially-related  programs to incoming students. Due to so many students graduating with specialization in that field, there is now fierce competition. In fact, one recruitment survey shows that the supply-demand ratio has reached 5:1. It is now almost impossible for most students to find reliable employment in the industry for the ironic reason that universities overly pushed students to consider the benefits of entering the industry. The same problem occurred in the United States when the IT industry took off in the late twentieth century; students were encouraged to enter that flourishing field. However, by the time they graduated, students found themselves competing with the glut of workers flooding the industry from other institutions. Therefore, universities should realize that markets change rapidly and refrain from directing too many students along the same path.

　　以上就是我们今天介绍的弊端分析法。往坏了想，使劲想，就对了。

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