在进行issue写作时，很多同学都会洋洋洒洒写很长，但分数仍然没有质的飞跃。其实，issue的写作最重要的不是观点是否新颖，例证是否完全具有说服力，而重要的是体现出你的逻辑思维能力，以及对于这个话题正反两方面的考量的认知。本期开始，我将连载一些我常用的issue段落构造方法，来分享一些issue写作心得。这些段落构造方法属于万能方法，并不针对于某一道题目。但是掌握了这些段落方法之后，相信大家在处理任何一道题目的时候都能更清晰地知道该从哪些角度思考落笔。

　　1、段落构造方法之implication攻击法

　　我们看情侣吵架的戏码，发现经常有一方会说，

　　你这话什么意思？

　　你的意思是我无理取闹吗？

　　可以看出，这种攻击对方的方式既不是对对方论据、论点的攻击，而是对对方话语字里行间流露出的某种暗示进行攻击。这也是我们implication攻击法的精髓：找到对方观点或者自己观点可能导致让读者误解的暗示，来进行攻击。

　　2、段落结构

　　这种段落一般放在反驳段落部分。我们通常先承认对方观点的合理性，但是与之前分析对方观点的推理漏洞或驳斥前提假设和推理假设不同，我们想给读者说明的是大家不要误解这个观点，这句话有一些潜台词不像大家想的那样。比如，有这样一道题issue题目

　　The best test of an argument is the argument's ability to convince someone with an opposing viewpoint.

　　衡量一个argument最好的方法就是用这个argument去说服反方观点持有者。这个statement读起来似乎没有问题，而且也有很多类似的issue都探讨了相反观点的人之间能够相互学习，我们基本还是同意这个观点的。但是，这句话好像暗含着，能说服对方观点的argument就是好argument。

　　这不尽然。为什么？因为很有可能两方观点都是错的。人们认知的局限性导致可能每个人掌握的都不是真理，而真理可能尚未被发掘。所以我们可以写一个段落来还击这种implicaiton，即，即使一个argument在众多argument中胜出，它也未必是完美无瑕的。

　　这就是我们说的implication攻击法。我们通过攻击论断的推论，或人们可能会误解的地方，来拓展我们的写作思路。

　　3、示范段落

　　接下来，我通过一下几个小题来给大家示范一下这种段落的写法。

　　01

　　Although innovations such as video, computers, and the Internet seem to offer schools improved methods for instructing students, these technologies all too often distract from real learning.

　　解题：电子产品的确可以分散我们的注意力。别说小孩子了，大人平时都手机不离手，随时check微信是否有新消息。这道题目似乎在暗示，有了电子产品孩子会被分心，而一旦被分心了，成绩就下降考不上重点，无法赢取高富帅/白富美。但这个结果并非必然，因为在学习的过程中，还有一个重要的角色：老师。老师循循善诱的引导，通常可以化腐朽为神奇，不仅可以教会孩子们如何正确使用电子设备，而且可以让孩子们意识到这个世界就是这样的诱惑繁多。

　　范文：To be sure, technologies may create many distractions that divert students’ attention from their learning tasks. However, the fact that technology exists does not mean that students cannot achieve academic success.（驳斥implication） Teachers play important roles in helping students concentrate on their learning and use the tools that are available to them. Teachers can help children remain focused on their tasks, showing them how to put aside distractions until a more appropriate time. This skill does not shield children from the problems of technology, it instead arms them to be productive as adults in a world full of different things vying for their attention. Teachers can also channel the students’ desire to use the new innovations by directing how they are incorporated into a classroom environment. For example, allowing a child to use a smartphone for math calculations can appease the desire to use that new item during class for other purposes. Real learning can therefore occur in the presence of new technology.

　　02

　　We learn our most valuable lessons in life from struggling with our limitations rather than from enjoying our successes.

　　解题：梅花香自苦寒来，宝剑锋从磨砺出。我们经常如此这般感谢苦难。这是我们小学初中高中作文中的必备素材，也是绝对的道德制高点。但是，即使我们认为人们能从苦难中走出来，也并不意味着我们一定要多经历苦难。现在有些学校经常搞的“挫折教育”不能说全盘否定，但我们要区分哪些是能让人有感悟的苦难，哪些仅仅是找茬式的“苦逼”。

　　范文：Struggles in life can help us grow to be better and more well rounded people. However, that outcome does not mean that we should actively add unnecessary struggles to our lives. Some training systems place too much importance on having students experience difficulties, especially physical difficulties. These artificial struggles are not meaningful in any manner to students and may be even detrimental to mental and physical health.（驳斥implication） Some traditional karate schools, for example, have a midwinter practice session where students must perform for hours while standing in shallow ocean water. It may be below freezing outside and the students are not allowed to take breaks or wear additional clothing to stay warm, as the cold is supposed to hone their abilities to be strong fighters. However, modern doctors and sports trainers point out that when the body is driven beyond its regular tolerance levels, it becomes damaged rather than becomes stronger. Students are weakened and more apt to catch illnesses, too. It is better to increase training in regular intervals that are based on each individual’s performance rather than force every student to complete a grueling physical task. Furthermore, the desired goal of strengthening the spirit is not achieved because the students may become resentful or focus on avoiding future pain rather than feeling success in completing a futile and unnecessary task.

　　03

　　As we acquire more knowledge, things do not become more comprehensible, but more complex and mysterious.

　　解题：知道的越多越烦恼，世界变得越复杂。这句话没毛病。但是，这句话好像在说世界变得复杂啦，日子一天不如一天啦。这个论调就不对了。世界变得更complex和mysterious并不意味着人们生活质量的下降，恰恰相反，正因为我们认识到世界的复杂性，我们对世界才会更加谨慎。比方说，现在看病大家都不会去找赤脚医生了，即使是个普通的头疼，大家也都觉得不能草率，要向专业的人咨询。这些都是因为我们意识到了事物的复杂性所导致的“敬畏之心”。

　　范文：The statement has a relatively pessimistic tone, insinuating that a more complex and mysterious world can be dangerous and complicate people’s lives through misunderstandings. But such concerns may be unwarranted. On the contrary, in realizing their limitations, human beings are actually more wary of their interactions with the world around them. The fact that there are specialists in different fields and that people seek out information before tackling their problems reinforces this claim. First, people today accept that they cannot understand everything, so they defer to trained professionals for help. In the past, a pioneer was expected to build his own house, grow crops, raise livestock, and provide all the necessities to survive. Today, that lifestyle is unimaginable. Though the world is more complex, each person has a manageable role: carpenters build houses, farmers raise food, tailors make clothing, and so on. Secondly, people are more cautious when they face new experiences than they were in the past. Today, people take time to research before plunging into something. Instead of just deciding to build a new shed, a homeowner reads websites to find out about the proper materials and techniques for doing so. Instead of ignoring a specific pain, another person does an internet search to find out possible causes of the problem. The fact that the world is complex actually gives such people options to carefully evaluate a situation before deciding how to proceed.

　　以上就是我们今天介绍的implication攻击法。这种方法特别适合对于一些无话可说的题目进行展开。当我们承认这个观点正确的同时，我们也要指出，这个观点给人们暗自传达的信号可能是错误的。就像我们选取的这三个题目一样，电子设备分散注意力不代表这个问题管理不好，苦难让我们成长不代表我们要使劲儿创造苦难，世界变复杂了不代表我们的日子变差了。

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