导语

　　在进行issue写作时，很多同学都会洋洋洒洒写很长，但分数仍然没有质的飞跃。其实，issue的写作最重要的不是观点是否新颖，例证是否完全具有说服力，而重要的是体现出你的逻辑思维能力，以及对于这个话题正反两方面的考量和认知。

　　本期开始，我将连载一些我常用的issue段落构造方法，来分享一些issue写作心得。这些段落构造方法属于万能方法，并不针对于某一道题目。但是掌握了这些段落方法之后，相信大家在处理任何一道题目的时候都能更清晰地知道该从哪些角度思考落笔。

　　01

　　段落构造方法之说理构造法

　　我一般将说理构造法用于正文的第二段，通过构建一个完整的立论段来表达我对issue议题中论点的支持或部分支持。

　　所谓说理构造法，说白了就是一个纯reasoning的段落。所谓reasoning即讲道理，也就是说你说的事情在道理上讲得通即可。在讲道理的过程中有例子能够支撑更好，没有例子也无妨，毕竟我们在探讨theoretically上的可行性。

　　就像伽利略的“日心说”为什么能够赢得当时的人心？因为它make sense。我们在写issue时也保持着这样的基本认知即可，只要不犯常识性错误，在“理”上能说通，就足够了。不需要去想实际上是否真的是这样吗？empirical的事情，那真的是千变万化而且还会受到多种因素干扰。

　　02

　　段落结构

　　这种段落通常看起来就像一篇浓缩的托福小作文。我一般喜欢用One Topic Sentence + Three Reasons来完成。每个reason中如果有典型的事例则可以插入1-2句例子，不宜过多。如果没有则用推理来展开也无妨。

　　如果是托福作文的话，可能每个reason都可以分拆出来写成一个完整的段落，然后配上自己日常丰富的事例来让段落显得饱满。但是在GRE作文中，这样做比较多余，因为一方面你要留出更多的空间来平衡观点（考虑到大部分同学在30分钟内只能写400-500词），所以没有必要在正方观点中太墨迹；另一方面例子并不是GRE写作的核心，不需要大篇幅的细节渲染，写得再详细也不会为你增色更多。

　　03

　　示范段落

　　接下来，我通过一下几个小题来给大家示范一下这种段落的写法。

　　01

　　例题1: Government officials should rely on their own judgment rather than unquestioningly carry out the will of the people they serve.

　　解题：政府是否应该依赖他们自己的判断还是执行群众的意志呢？自然是要一分为二，有的时候政府自己的判断会比群众更为准确。而有的时候群众的意见也要考虑进去。下面的段落中，我们试图想证明政府的判断在很多时候比群众更为准确，因为他们有着丰富的resources供他们进行判断。

　　范文：In some situations, government officials have more comprehensive resources to consult for making decisions than the people they serve do（TS）. （R1）To begin, although the general public may be able to find highlights of government studies on the internet, most public reports summarize findings rather than offer every data point. Officials have access to and can take into consideration the complete statistics, including outliers, from all government surveys and experiments to make informed decisions. （R2）Secondly, government workers often can use their influence to discuss issues with experts in the field. A busy medical scientist, for example, might not take time to speak to a regular citizen but will give advice regarding an official government project. （R3）Finally, government workers may have the resources to conduct studies to find out specific information they need. They have manpower and finances to set up surveys of residents or monitor situations in ways that are not practical for the average person to do. In cases like these, government officials have access to better information for making decisions than the people that they serve do.

　　以上三个reasons都围绕一件事情展开，那就是政府通常可以利用自身的资源优势能够作出更好的判断。

　　02

　　In order for any work of art — for example, a film, a novel, a poem, or a song — to have merit, it must be understandable to most people.

　　艺术作品是否要让大众理解？这个问题也是正反两面可以炒的不可开交。不过我们可以先取话题中的一部分，来谈让大众理解的艺术作品有什么样的好处。如果一个艺术作品被广大人民群众所理解，那么肯定是有助于艺术作品的传播和保存的。就像现在大家所熟知的艺术作品，之所以被人们津津乐道的称赞，正是因为雅俗共赏。

　　范文：A work of art must be understandable to its audience for it to endure for any length of time（TS). (R1) People are uncomfortable with works that make no sense. They might look at it or listen to it, but cannot relax with it because it is too challenging. For example, someone might be fascinated by the rhythms of unusual modern music, but they will select tones that they can appreciate and feel comfortable with for everyday background enjoyment in their homes. (R2) People also will not cite works if they do not understand the meaning. One reason Shakespeare has a lasting impression is that people can relate to the messages. Everyone has felt at some point and to some degree, for example, the agony of Hamlet or the passion of Romeo. People quote these works because they understand them, and therefore the works endure a long time. (R3) Finally, works that are not understandable lose public favor because they receive negative criticism. If a critic says that a painting is not good because it is too strange, people will believe the critic and eventually the piece will be disregarded. By contrast, if a critic understands the artist’s message and can explain it to others, then others will see the point and appreciate the value. They will praise the work rather than revile it. Therefore, works must be understood for them to be enjoyed, cited, and remain in public favor.

　　03

　　We can usually learn much more from people whose views we share than from people whose views contradict our own.

　　和观点相同的人学得更多还是和观点相左的人学得更多？自不必说，三人行必有我师，我们能从任何人身上学到东西，无论是观点相同还是观点相反。所以，我们先退一步想我们能和观点相反的人学到什么？通过与观点相反的人“吵架”，我们能够知道对方是如何看待这个问题的。这不仅能够扩展我们对于问题的认知，更能够帮助我们如何修复、甚至是修改我们的观点。

　　范文：To understand views that are contradictory to our own, we often need to analyze the reasoning behind these views. (TS)That process can teach us about the methodology that the opponent used to tackle the problem. (R1) We can learn new ways to approach the question which we would not have seen if we just heard that someone agreed with us. (R2) Analyzing the reasoning can also reveal facts that we may have ignored in our own arguments. For example, we may have formed an argument against a construction project based on the environmental impact of the building, but we ignored a counterargument about the transportation used for people traveling to and from it. (R3) Another way we can learn is by seeing further ways to strengthen our own points of view. We can develop rebuttals against the counterarguments so that our arguments are airtight without large gaps in logic. These are just some of the ways that an opposing view provides more learning opportunities than a view that agrees with our own.

　　以上就是我们今天介绍的说理构造法。其核心就是找到立论的点，想出三个理由。这样一个说理的段落才会充实饱满不灌水。

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